Youth psychology is a central part of instructor aptitude in order to better understand the needs and behaviors of trainees.
1. Development in Adolescence
What is Socialization?
Socialization is the process of integrating the (growing) individual into society and the associated adoption of socially relevant attitude and behavior patterns. In contrast to pure upbringing (targeted influence), socialization also includes unconscious and indirect influences of the environment.
Pedagogical Trends
- Pedagogical Pessimism (Extreme Nature Theory): Development is largely genetically determined. Upbringing has little influence.
- Pedagogical Optimism (Extreme Nurture Theory): Humans can be shaped at will by upbringing and environment.
- Pedagogical Realism (Interaction Theory): Development is an interplay of hereditary factors, environment and the individual’s self-regulation.
Developmental Tasks (according to Havighurst / Dreher & Dreher)
Adolescents must master specific tasks in this phase:
- Building new and more mature relationships with peers of both sexes.
- Adoption of the male or female gender role.
- Acceptance of one’s own physical appearance.
- Emotional independence from parents and other adults.
- Preparation for professional life.
When is one an adult according to Havighurst? When one has achieved a stable identity, financial independence and the ability to start one’s own family.
2. The Group
Definition and Characteristics
A group is characterized by a manageable number of people who interact over a longer period of time, pursue common goals and develop a sense of togetherness (cohesion).
Group Processes and Roles
Typical phases of group formation are:
- Forming (Start-up Phase): Getting to know each other, uncertainty.
- Storming (Conflict Phase): Power struggles, role clarification.
- Norming (Regulation Phase): Establishing norms.
- Performing (Performance Phase): Effective cooperation.
Typical Group Roles:
- The Leader (Star)
- The Followers
- The Outsider / Scapegoat
- The Expert
- The Clown / Joker
Formal vs. Informal Groups
- Formal Groups: Prescribed by the organization (e.g. a department or project group). Clear goals and hierarchies.
- Informal Groups: Arise spontaneously through sympathy or common interests (e.g. the break group).
The Peer Group
The peer group functions as an important framework of orientation in adolescence, helping with detachment from the parental home and offering social support.
3. Idols and Role Models
- Idols: Are often admired uncritically (often people from media, sports or music). They serve for daydreaming and identification.
- Role Models: Are characterized by achievable goals or concrete values. One emulates them in real action (e.g. the experienced trainer or a committed relative).
- Idol Types: Among others, there is the “Achievement Idol” (success) and the “Rebel Idol” (demarcation).